Subculture Prison and Inmates - 2651 Words

Introduction In a valiant attempt to clean the streets of societies, criminals are put away in rehabilitation institutions called prisons. It was a belief that they would learn their mistakes, repent and rejoin societies as better people. On the contrary, what happened was the cultivation of an environment leading to the evolution of prison subculture. In a constant power struggle amongst nations, politicians and people within society, many fail to perceive or notice a battle of another sort. That is the battle of those trying to survive in an environment predominant with racism, hate, violence and gangs. Prison subculture evolved, when doing time wasnt just about doing your time but became an intricate experience of politics, power,†¦show more content†¦Once he is identified with a particular gang, he communicates through messages in the forms of tattoos, affiliations and acts of violence. The following are some of the rules and rituals that are created in the prison subculture. Code of Ethics: The code of ethics among convicts is simply minding your own business. Snitching on another inmate can be fatal. Con Games: Con games are manipulative games that inmates play on staff, volunteers and other inmates. All of these tactics are self-serving to the inmate. Commissaries: Commissaries are stores that certain inmates operate out of their cells. Inmates keep their stores stocked by purchasing items from the prison commissary and reselling these items to the general population for twice the cost. Loan Sharks: These are inmates who make monetary loans to other inmates for high rates of interest. It is customary for a loan shark to get 100% and more for each loan that he makes. Failure to payback a loan could result in some serious complications for the borrower. Homosexuality: Homosexuality is sexual exchanges between members of the same sex which maybe voluntary or involuntary. Many men and women are lured into traps that are set by more experienced inmates. Games: Many games are played on new inmates who are indigent upon their arrival into the system. Inmates give food, money, and cigarettes to other inmates in return for sexual gain. Gang Rape: Several otherShow MoreRelatedThe Inmate Subculture in United States Prisons: An Overview Essay1775 Words   |  8 PagesThe Inmate Subculture in United States Prisons: An Overview The Subculture Phenomena within Prisons To be able to discuss the issue of the inmate sub-cultures in prison I will first have to discuss what subcultures are and major reasons that they form. First of all the term subculture in general is kind of like a small culture within and not always accepted by members of a larger one known as a society. Societies as a whole are very large and contain many individuals within them, and let usRead MorePrison Socialization And The Correctional Institution1188 Words   |  5 Pagestwo established, yet divided viewpoints which are the â€Å"importation and deprivation† models of imprisonment. Sometimes, in overcrowded prison systems, managing harmony and continuity is vital for both correctional officers and inmates. A disciplinary action against inmates is usually the primary instrument used by corrections officers to ensure harmony in the prison environment. These actions are vital for correction staff, as this shows the prisoners adaption to the correctional system. This essayRead MoreJails and Prisons1109 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Jail and Prison One of the key cornerstones of the criminal justice system is the correctional system, specifically the correctional facilities. Prisons and jails are examples of correctional facilities that help keep the criminal justice system running smoothly and efficiently. Without these facilities, there would be no place for criminals to serve their sentences, and no one would really be safe. Although prison and jail seem to be interchangeable words, they actually mean two differentRead MoreIs Prison A Whole New Society? Essay1534 Words   |  7 Pagescan result in prison time. Prison is not somewhere that a lot of people want to be, but what is interesting about prison is that it is like entering a whole new society. It even has its own culture and subculture. Culture is human-created strategies for adjusting to their surroundings and the creatures around them. Subculture refers to a group that shares some parts of the culture but have their own distinctive values, norms, beliefs, symbols, language, and material culture. Prison is a total institutionRead MorePsychology-Institutional Aggression770 Words   |  4 Pagesspecific staff; for example, prisons, hospitals, army camps and boarding schools. The ‘importation model’ proposed by Irwin and Cressey (1962) claims that prisoners bring their own social histories and traits with them into prison, and this influences their adaptation to the prison environment, Irwin and Cressey argue that prisoners are not ‘blank slates’ when they enter prison, and that many of the normative systems developed on the outside would be ‘imported’ into the prison. The importation modelRead MoreJails And Prisons1418 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Jails And Prisons Adam Putnam CJA/204 February 18, 2014 Leroy Hendrix Jails And Prisons In the following paragraphs comparisons between the Rappahannock Regional Jail in Stafford County, Virginia and Federal Corrections Institution Petersburg Medium in Hopewell City, Virginia. The types of prisons will be identified. The major differences between the Rappahannock Regional Jail and FCI Petersburg Medium will be examined. Jail and prison culture and subculture as well as the violent behaviorRead MoreThe Effects Of Incarceration On The Brain Essay1493 Words   |  6 PagesIt is common knowledge that the American prison system has grown exponentially in the last few decades. The prison population within the last forty years has risen by two million inmates. Multiple factors such as overcrowding and cost cutting have also decreased the quality of life within prisons by an order of magnitude. With this rising statistic, it becomes increasingly urgent to understand the effect of incarceration on our prisoners and whether the reformation process is actually doing moreRead M oreEssay about Behind Convicts Eyes by Cerceral Prison 1349 Words   |  6 Pagesa young man who enters prison on a life sentence and describes the world around him. Life in prison is a subculture of its own, this subculture has its own society, language and cast system. The book describes incidents that have happen in prison to inmates. With this paper I will attempt to explain the way of life in a prison from an inmates view. Understanding Prison Life After reading the book I have gained a new understanding of what inmates think about in prison. Working in an institutionRead MoreThe Psychological Impacts Of Incarceration1339 Words   |  6 Pageswith the stresses of confinement to a maximum security prison subculture. This topic will be analyzed using a quantitative approach. Since the publication of The Prison Community (Clemmer, 1940) virtually thousands of books and articles have been published on prison life and the adjustment of prisoners to their confinement. One article highlights this exact problem titled The Psychological Impact of Incarceration: Implications for Post Prison Adjustment (Haney, 2001). Mental illness and developmentalRead MoreNew Model For An Improved Penal System1315 Words   |  6 PagesGentlemen of the Association, I am here to present to you an idea; the idea that our prison system is currently working against all of that for which we stand. Unfortunate as it may be, the current system we have impleme nted in our penitentiaries is failing. The current administration lacks the control it should naturally have; the prisoners who are released are likely to recommit crimes and thus continue to pose a threat to society while also reentering the system multiple times. I propose to phase

The Crucible By Arthur Miller - 1969 Words

Through the stories and plays in literature have helped people draw batter understandings of the problems they faced and different point of views. The Crucible tells the story of events that happened in 1600s, however, they very similar to those events in our present today. The crucible, written by Arthur Miller tells the story of the Salem witch trials that start off with a group of girls that blame others for the crime of practicing witchcraft to cover themselves. As a result this cost many people in the small town to lose their lives and other to lose the reputation in the pious town. Throughout the story the use of religion and personal judgment mix with a lack of evidence was not only the law, but the final decision on many of the cases. Arthur miller stated that the reason why he wrote the crucible was to show the similarity of Salem witch trial to the McCarthyism. McCarthyism is the practice of accusing of treason with little actual evidence .Abagail Williams is the puppet ma ster in this chaos, she able to use little proper evidence and control the whole town. As one of the main characters of the play Abigail fits into Miller’s themes of Empowerment, hysteria, and reputation and jealousy. Empowerment is the increase of power to a person, movement or culture. During the puritan era there was a social hierarchy in the household, Men are the leaders and then followed women and then children. Abigail and the other girls were considered to be children and follow theShow MoreRelatedThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1269 Words   |  6 PagesAt first glance, the playwright Arthur Miller in The Crucible highlights the historical significance of the Salem Witch Trials of 1692, but in fact it is an allegorical expression of his perception of McCarthyism. If the reader has some background information on Arthur Miller’s victimization as a communist, it is evident that the play is a didactic vessel illustrating the flaws of the court system in the 1950â €™s. The communist allegations were launched at government employees, entertainers and writersRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1681 Words   |  7 Pagesof their way to the last dying breath to make sure they leave with a good or bad reputation. In one of the recent literature study in class â€Å"The Crucible† by Arthur Miller, Miller uses characterization to illustrate reputation throughout the play. â€Å"The Crucible† takes place in Salem, Massachusetts. It is based upon the Salem witch trails. In â€Å"The Crucible†, we journey through the life of three characters who reputations plays a major role in the play. The three characters are John Proctor, AbigailRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller998 Words   |  4 Pagesmotivated by jealousy and spite. The Crucible is a four-act dramatic play production that was first performed on January 22, 1953. Arthur Miller used dialogue within the characters to cover the multiple themes; conflicts and resolutions, plus the few directions for the different actions of the play. The Salem Witch Trials were intended to be performed as the play however, when read, it can be more carefully examined and broken down to analyze the techniques. Miller, the playwright, uses literaryRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1333 Words   |  6 PagesAs the various characters in The Crucible by Arthur Miller interact, the dominant theme of the consequences of women’s nonconformity begins to slide out from behind the curtains of the play. Such a theme reveals the gripping fear that inundated the Puritans during the seventeenth century. This fear led to the famous witch-hunts that primarily terrorized women who deviated from the Puritan vision of absolute obedience and orthodoxy. Arthur Miller presents his interpretation of the suffering by subtlyRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1145 Words   |  5 PagesUnbalance Through The Centuries In Arthur Miller’s play, The Crucible, the author reflects the persecution of communists in America in the 1950’s through a recount of the Salem witch trials. It is often presumed that Miller based his drama directly off of events that were particularly prevalent in the years surrounding the publication of The Crucible- which was released in the year 1953, towards the conclusion of the Korean War. Although there was not a literal witch hunt occurring during this timeRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1063 Words   |  5 PagesIn the English dictionary, there are three definitions of the word crucible. One is a metal container in which metals are mixed and melted. Another is a severe test. But the third definition, and the one that I think fits the best for this book, is a place or situation in which different elements interact to create something new. In my mind, this fits because all of the characters had their little grudges and dirty secrets. But when all th ose seemingly little things interact, they formed somethingRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1285 Words   |  6 Pages Rationale, Morality, Stereotypes, Pressure, Self-Censorship, Unanimity, and Mindguards. Groupthink has also taken place in our history a a country. The play, The Crucible by Arthur Miller is about a the real-life Salem Witch Trials that happened in 1692 - 1693, in Salem, Massachusetts. Some symptoms of Groupthink found in the Crucible are Rationale, Pressure, and Self-Censorship. The Groupthink symptom, Rationale, is described as when victims of Groupthink ignore warnings: they also collectivelyRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller841 Words   |  4 PagesThe Crucible is a chaotic play, throughout this American classic Arthur Miller takes the reader through multiple events of terror and insanity. While creating a great on-stage play, Arthur Miller portrays his life through the events, the characters, and plot of The Crucible. Using vivid imagery and comprehensible symbolism, Miller manipulates the real personalities of the characters and events in 1600 Salem, Massachusetts to create a symbolic autobiography. Throughout this play, the reader experiencesRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller811 Words   |  4 Pages While The Crucible, by Arthur Miller, is only a four act play, it still resembles the format of a five act play. The five-act structure evolved from a three-act structure, which was made famous by Roman Aelius Donatus. Donatus came up with thre e types of plays: Protasis, Epitasis, and Catastrophe. The five-act structure helped to expand the three act structure, mainly made famous by Shakespeare through his many tragedies. Even though The Crucible contains only four acts, it still has the commonRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1052 Words   |  5 PagesBuddy Al-Aydi Ms.Healy English 9 CP 14th October 2014 The Crucible Essay The Crucible was a novel written by Arthur Miller in the 1950’s. It was written in a format of the play, portraying an allegory of the Salem Witch-Hunts led by Senator Joseph McCarthy. The book is known to have a inexplicable plot. This plot is advanced by multiple characters in the book in order to ensure that the reader maintains interest with the material that is being read. The farmer, John Proctor, would be the

Listening to Gods Voice Essay Example For Students

Listening to Gods Voice Essay It’s been more than two years now since I’ve entered Ateneo, and in those two years, the Ateneo community helped in molding me into a better person. In Ateneo, we are not simply being taught facts. We are being taught to be man for others, to serve. We are being taught to be leaders, to be nation builders. I must admit, my first year in college had not been easy to me, especially in terms of academics. I found it very hard and challenging to adjust to the culture and to the pace of life here in the metro which made it difficult for me to focus on my studies during my first few months in college. However, as months went by, I slowly got the right rhythm and was able to find the right balance between academics and my extra-curricular activities. Being an achiever back in our province didn’t make it easy for me to accept just being an average student here in Ateneo. Thus, I worked really hard and I could say that my efforts had pay off with good class standings. And yet, I kept pushing myself until I reached my breaking point last year when I got really sick. I realized that all the stress and pressure that I had put on me had taken toll on my body. This made me reflect on what I am really doing with my life and question what is this all for. It is then that it hit me. All along, I’ve been trying to fill up what’s missing inside of me with empty achievements. I realized that I don’t really know what I am doing nor I do know what I really want to do with my life. I lost my sense of direction. It hit me so hard because I remember, there was a time that I had a clear sense of direction and goal in life which is to help other people. I still remember the time when I knew I already heard my calling when I was in grade school and wanted to serve my community in whatever ways I can. But then I got caught up with the busyness of life. I got too busy that I already forgot to pause for a moment and just listen to God’s voice. I remember when I first step my foot in the Ateneo, the first place my father had brought me into was the Church of the Gesu. It was the most beautiful place in the campus for me. It’s like a sanctuary between the madness of the world. I haven’t been able to visit there frequently when I got caught up with the busyness of academic life last year but now, it became my solace. I make it a point to visit there every time I can and try to reconnect with God and listen to what direction He is pointing me to. And now, I feel more complete and accomplished than ever.

Application of System Methodology Industry - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Application of System Methodology Industry. Answer: Rich Picture: Link 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JpsmGzuDBp0 Discussion: The video shows that the author has described the topic Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) in a very detailed way. The author has focused on every stages of Soft Systems Methodology and gave detailed explanation of every stage including some aspects such as rich picture and CATWOE Analysis Components. The author has also provided the critical analysis of Soft Systems Methodology through this video and concluded with advantages and disadvantages. This helps to understand Soft Systems Methodology in more convenient way (Lakshmi, 2015). Reflection This video helps me to understand the exact definition and structure of Soft Systems Methodology. This is useful for understanding the given problem by asking question and giving solution to this problem. Discussion This video helps to understand the concept of Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) through application to United States High-Speed Internet. Here, in this video, the authors perspective is to give an analysis of Soft Systems Methodology applied to high speed Internet access. The author tries to give his own perspective of using Soft System Methodology and also conveys that there are other perspectives also to be considered (Merritt, 2016). Reflection: This video helps me to get an overview of how Soft Systems Methodology works in real scenario such as high speed Internet scenario. This scenario helps me to understand Soft Systems Methodology in detail. Discussion: The author focuses on application of Soft Systems Methodology in the Sugar Industry. The journal focuses on use of Soft Systems Methodology by conducting workshops to attract stakeholders, growers and the millers. The Soft Systems Methodology workshop is the main focus of this journal where the author focuses. The author tries to gain an insight of roles, goals, values, power and culture from the study of Soft Systems Methodology workshop in Sugar Industry (Proches and Bodhanya, 2017). Reflection: The journal helps me to gain an insight of how Soft Systems Methodology is used in real world application such as Sugar Industry taken in the study. It helps me to understand the working process and structure of Soft Systems Methodology. Discussion: The author has formulated the image in such a way that the Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) helps to understand the working and operations. Every stage is shown in a detailed way where the author explains how it works in real world scenario and systems thinking about real world. The author structured Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) in a very useful way and highlighted way to understand the structure (Soft System Methodology (SSM)., 2014). Reflection This image helps me to understand the working of Soft Systems Methodology in an efficient way where the identification is on every stage and its working using different scenarios. Discussion The image helps to understand that the author has developed Soft Systems Methodology stages in an unstructured format. The stages of Soft Systems Methodology are formulated to understand the stages and their connections with each other through appropriate arrows. The author has divided the Soft Systems Methodology stages into two parts, real world and systems thinking. The real world and system thinking part helps to understand which stages will be helpful for which situation (Development of SSM., 2014). Reflection This image helps me to get an idea of which stage is relevant to which part that is real world or system thinking. This is useful for me as all the stages are connected with each other. References Development of SSM., 2014. [image] Available at: https://image.slidesharecdn.com/lecture34-140627174822-phpapp02/95/soft-systems-methodology-5-638.jpg?cb=1403891359 [Accessed 14 Jan. 2018]. Merritt, C., 2016.Checkland's Soft Systems Methodology Applied to US High-Speed Internet Access Conundrum. [video] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RviqYy8Fxdo [Accessed 14 Jan. 2018]. Proches, C. and Bodhanya, S., 2017.An Application of Soft Systems Methodology in the Sugar IndustryInternational Journal of Qualitative Methods - Cecile Naomi Gerwel Proches, Shamim Bodhanya, 2015. [online] Journals.sagepub.com. Available at: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/160940691501400101 [Accessed 14 Jan. 2018]. Soft System Methodology (SSM)., 2014. [image] Available at: https://oladoyinbello.files.wordpress.com/2014/07/soft-system-methodology-ssm.jpg [Accessed 14 Jan. 2018].

General Biology Quiz 2 Essay Example

General Biology Quiz 2 Essay Credit Quiz 2 1) If two modern organisms are distantly related in an evolutionary sense, then one should expect that A) they live in very different habitats. B) they should share fewer homologous structures than two more closely related organisms. C) their chromosomes should be very similar. D) they shared a common ancestor relatively recently. E) they should be members of the same genus. 2) Within a few weeks of treatment with the drug 3TC, a patients HIV population consists entirely of 3TC-resistant viruses. How can this result best be explained? A) HIV can change its surface proteins and resist vaccines. B) The patient must have become reinfected with 3TC-resistant viruses. C) HIV began making drug-resistant versions of reverse transcriptase in response to the drug. D) A few drug-resistant viruses were present at the start of treatment, and natural selection increased their frequency. E) The drug caused the HIV RNA to change. The graph in Figure 22. 3 depicts four possible patterns for the abundance of 3TC-resistant HIV within an infected human over time. Figure 22. 3 3) If 3TC resistance is costly for HIV, then which plot (I—IV) best represents the response of a strain of 3TC-resistant HIV over time, if 3TC administration begins at the time indicated by the arrow? 4) A biologist studied a population of squirrels for 15 years. During that time, the population was never fewer than 30 squirrels and never more than 45. Her data showed that over half of the squirrels born did not survive to reproduce, because of competition for food and predation. We will write a custom essay sample on General Biology Quiz 2 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on General Biology Quiz 2 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on General Biology Quiz 2 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In a single generation, 90% of the squirrels that were born lived to reproduce, and the population increased to 80. Which inference(s) about this population might be true? A) The amount of available food may have increased. B) The number of predators may have decreased. C) The squirrels of subsequent generations should show greater levels of genetic variation than previous generations, because squirrels that would not have survived in the past will now survive. D) A and B only E) A, B, and C 5) Which of these is the smallest unit upon which natural selection directly acts? A) a species gene frequency B) a populations gene frequency C) an individuals genome D) an individuals genotype E) an individuals phenotype 6) Which of these is the smallest unit that natural selection can change? A) a species gene frequency B) a populations gene frequency C) an individuals genome D) an individuals genotype E) an individuals phenotype In a hypothetical population of 1,000 people, tests of blood-type genes show that 160 have the genotype AA, 480 have the genotype AB, and 360 have the genotype BB. ) What is the frequency of the B allele? 8) If there are 4,000 children born to this generation, how many would be expected to have AB blood under the conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? 9) In peas, a gene controls flower color such that R = purple and r = white. In an isolated pea patch, there are 36 purple-flowering plants and 64 white-flowering plants. Assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is the value of q for this population? 10) In a hypothetical situation, a certain species of flea feeds only on pronghorn antelopes. In rangelands of the western United States, pronghorns and cattle often associate with one another. If some of these fleas develop a strong preference, instead, for cattle blood and mate only with fleas that, likewise, prefer cattle blood, then over time which of these should occur, if the host mammal can be considered as the fleas habitat? 1. reproductive isolation 2. sympatric speciation 3. habitat isolation 4. prezygotic barriers A) 1 only B) 2 and 3 C) 1, 2, and 3 D) 2, 3, and 4 E) 1 through 4

Napoleon and the Siege of Toulon 1793

Napoleon and the Siege of Toulon 1793 The siege of Toulon in 1793 might have blended into the many other actions of the French Revolutionary War were it not for the later career of one man, as the siege marked the first notable military action of Napoleon Bonaparte, later French Emperor and one of the greatest generals in history. France in Rebellion The French Revolution transformed almost every aspect of French public life and grew more radical as the years passed (turning into terror). However, these changes were far from universally popular, and as many French citizens fled revolutionary areas, others decided to rebel against a revolution they saw as increasingly Parisian and extreme. By 1793 these rebellions had turned into widespread, open and violent revolt, with a revolutionary army/militia sent out to crush these enemies within. France was, in effect, engaging in a civil war at the same time as countries surrounding France looked to intervene and force a counter-revolution. The situation was, at times, desperate. Toulon The site of one such rebellion was Toulon, a port on the south coast of France. Here the situation was critical to the revolutionary government, as not only was Toulon an important naval base – France was engaged in wars against many of the monarchist states of Europe – but the rebels had invited in British ships and handed over control to their commanders. Toulon had some of the thickest and most advanced defenses, not just in France, but in Europe, and would have to be retaken by the revolutionary forces to help secure the nation. It was no easy task but had to be done quickly. The Siege and the Rise of Napoleon Command of the revolutionary army assigned to Toulon was given to General Carteaux, and he was accompanied by a ‘representative on mission’, basically a political officer designed to make sure he was being sufficiently ‘patriotic’. Carteaux began a siege of the port in 1793. The effects of the revolution on the army had been severe, as many of the officers had been nobility and as they were persecuted they fled the country. Consequently, there were many open spaces and plenty of promotion from lower ranks based on ability rather than birth rank. Even so, when the commander of Carteaux’s artillery was wounded and had to leave in September, it wasn’t purely skill that got a young officer called Napoleon Bonaparte appointed as his replacement, as both he and the representative on a mission who promoted him – Saliceti – were from Corsica. Carteaux had no say in the matter. Major Bonaparte now showed great skill in increasing and deploying his resources, using a keen understanding of terrain to slowly take key areas and undermine the British hold on Toulon. While who played the key role in the final act is debated, but Napoleon definitely played a vital role, and he was able to take full credit when the port fell on December 19th, 1793. His name was now known by key figures in the revolutionary government, and he was both promoted to Brigadier General and given command of the artillery in the Army of Italy. He would soon leverage this early fame into greater command, and use that opportunity to take power in France. He would use the military to establish his name in history, and it began at Toulon.

American History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

American History - Essay Example This act of civil disobedience became the spark that ignited the masses during the 1950’s and 1960’s in protesting the racial inequalities. The government, today widely viewed as a body that finds solutions to such social problems, was the entity that created this problem in the first place. The Jim Crow laws that disenfranchised black voters ensured that only white opinions mattered in the political process. Segregation, during the Jim Crow era, was not limited to transportation mediums. In Alabama, hospitals, whether public or private, could not require a white nurse to care for blacks (â€Å"Jim Crow Laws†, 1998). The subject of segregation became a much discussed topic during World War II. The nation that hailed itself as the symbol of freedom sent its young men to fight and die in a war to make the world safe for democracy. An embarrassing aspect of this high idealistic struggle was that U.S. blacks were subjugated within the very armed forces that were supp osed to stand for freedom of all nations. The black soldiers, of course, very much resented this lower class distinction as they bled the same color red as the white soldiers. The heroic actions by many black soldiers during the war began a change of direction in the attitude of whites throughout the country regarding race relations. The U.S. Constitution provided the lawful assurance that non-violent strategies were defensible in court. This allowed for the protests which inevitably led to the awakening to the black plight of many unwary whites who then joined the cause leading to the eradication of racist Jim Crow type laws forever. People, both black and white, were now willing to violate absurd, archaic local segregationist laws because they believed they were abiding and defending a ‘higher law,’ the Constitution. The original objective of the Southern Christian Leadership